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The overall purpose of this checklist is for the team to ensure that the correct patient is undergoing the correct operation. Additionally, the team should assess the patient's condition and take appropriate measures, including preparations for unexpected events. The pre-anesthesia check is a so-called "do-and-verify" checklist, meaning the steps are performed and then confirmed as completed.

In this chapter, airway management with assisted breathing, ventilation, and intubation is described in detail. Various aspects and techniques necessary to ensure and maintain an open airway are covered here.

General anesthesia, or simply "narcosis," is a state of induced, reversible, and controlled unconsciousness ("hypnosis") and painlessness ("anesthesia"), often referred to as "balanced anesthesia." This section describes the various components of anesthesia and its different phases.

General anesthesia, or simply "narcosis," is a state of induced and reversible unconsciousness ("hypnosis") and painlessness ("anesthesia"), often referred to as "balanced anesthesia." This section describes various medications used during anesthesia, including both intravenous drugs and inhalational agents ("Inhalation Anesthetics").

This chapter describes how to administer anesthesia using inhalational agents. It includes a discussion of various anesthetic gases such as sevoflurane and desflurane, and their typical use. It also covers nitrous oxide and nitric oxide (NO).

This chapter describes how to induce anesthesia with intravenous anesthetics. It details the methods for intravenous anesthesia using TIVA mode and TCI mode. It explains the application of RSI with TCI technique as well as TIVA protocols for day surgery with appropriate doses of intravenous drugs such as propofol and remifentanil. It also covers TIVA for pediatric anesthesia and the various drugs used for intravenous anesthesia.

This chapter describes the drugs used for intravenous anesthesia in two different dosing modes - TIVA and TCI. It covers propofol, remifentanil, alfentanil, fentanyl, thiopental, and ketamine.

This chapter describes the use of muscle relaxant drugs in connection with anesthesia and surgery. These agents are used to keep the patient completely still and to create the best possible conditions for surgery and ventilation.

Here you will find dosage cards illustrating the dynamic dosing of anesthetics such as propofol, remifentanil, and alfentanil, as well as various dosage cards with graphical illustrations of anesthetic dosing during an operation.

This chapter briefly describes obstetric anesthesia, including epidural anesthesia for labor and spinal or general anesthesia for emergency cesarean section. It includes various drug combinations commonly used for labor epidurals and spinal anesthesia.

This chapter describes depth of anesthesia monitoring, with a review of BIS and Entropy, which are standardized methods to determine and monitor anesthesia depth during general anesthesia.

This chapter describes how to prevent nausea and the various medications that can be administered to counteract nausea associated with anesthesia and surgery.

Here is a description of thoracic anesthesia with sections on anesthesia for coronary artery surgery, anesthesia for lung surgery including double-lumen tube, anesthesia for patients with heart disease, and management of various types of cardiac valvular disease. It also covers GUCH and its impact on the choice of anesthesia form, as well as different types of pacemakers.

Here, circulatory failure and heart failure are described, along with monitoring and treatment using inotropic and blood pressure-raising agents. Commonly used drugs, their effects, and appropriate dosing are briefly described here.

Here, guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) for both adults and children are described in accordance with the Heart-Lung Council. The graphical posters from the Swedish CPR Council are also available here, including those for airway obstruction in children.

Here, guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) for children are described in accordance with the Swedish Heart-Lung Council. The graphical posters from the Swedish CPR Council are also available here, including those for airway obstruction in children.

This section describes the recommended discontinuation times for various anticoagulants before surgery and spinal anesthesia. It outlines appropriate discontinuation times for both the insertion and removal of spinal catheters.

Here, you will find a brief description of all common medications specifically used in the ICU. This includes details on the physiological effects of the drugs and their usual dosing.

This chapter describes the recommended discontinuation times for various anticoagulants and NSAIDs before surgery and procedures. It includes appropriate discontinuation times for both the insertion and removal of spinal catheters. Additionally, it covers which medications should be administered preoperatively from the common medications the patient typically uses.

This section provides a brief overview of how to reverse the effects of various anticoagulants (NOACs) and thromboprophylactic medications. Reversal can be performed urgently before surgery or in cases of abnormal bleeding following treatment with these anticoagulants (NOACs).

Here you will find recommended therapeutic serum concentrations for a range of medications used in intensive care. The tables present the medications sorted by both generic names and brand names.

Here, you will find reference values (normal ranges) for most common laboratory tests used in healthcare. This section also describes toxicological thresholds in urine or blood and cut-off levels for drug tests in urine.

Here, you will find brand names of common antibiotics in various countries, which will help when purchasing from a foreign pharmacy. Additionally, there is a French anesthesia phrasebook with translations of common medical terms used in anesthesia and sedation.

Various conditions with thrombocytopenia are described here, such as ITP, TTP, and HIT.

Practical patient care for the management of patients with hemophilia.

Plasmapheresis is a treatment method that removes venous whole blood and returns everything except the plasma. Relatively uncommon. Several indications where it is first-line treatment. Severely ill patients, often with multiorgan failure. The method can cause complications that need to be managed. Good to know the principles of this treatment

Fluid therapy is a fundamental part of perioperative care for surgical patients and other critically ill patients. This section describes preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative fluid management. Available crystalloid and colloid solutions are also covered. Additionally, fluid therapy for children is described.

This chapter addresses traumatic (surgical) bleeding and appropriate treatment with fluid therapy, blood components, and coagulation factors. Suggestions for fluid therapy based on different body weights and the extent of bleeding are provided.

Here, various blood components are described with a graphic illustration of how they are produced. Available hemostatic (bleeding control) medications are also discussed.

Here, coagulation and guidelines for good hemostasis are briefly described. Antithrombotic and hemostatic (bleeding control) medications are discussed, with a short description of their function and proper dosing.

Here, graphical instruments for illustrating the entire coagulation profile in ROTEM and platelet function in Multiplate are described. Various components in ROTEM are reviewed with descriptions of different parts of coagulation, as well as normal values and therapeutic values during antithrombotic treatment as read in Multiplate.

This section provides a brief overview of how to reverse the effects of various anticoagulants (NOACs) and thromboprophylactic medications. Reversal can be performed urgently before surgery or in cases of abnormal bleeding following treatment with these anticoagulants (NOACs).

Various conditions with thrombocytopenia are described here, such as ITP, TTP, and HIT.

Severe cases of pulmonary embolism are characterized by hypoxia with increasing circulatory failure. Unstable hemodynamics with signs of peripheral and cerebral hypoperfusion indicate decompensation and low cardiac output (CO). Pulmonary embolism causes an acute increase in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), leading to right ventricular (RV) failure.

Acute liver failure is defined as progressive liver disease with encephalopathy and INR > 1.5 in a person without previously known liver disease. In the following text, the English abbreviation ALF (Acute Liver Failure) is used.

What are the current intensive care issues. Evaluation of interventions performed during the Intensive Care.

Here, the principles of ventilator treatment for acute lung failure and severe lung failure with ARDS are described. Various ventilator settings and the treatment of severe respiratory failure are discussed. The principles of treating severe pulmonary infection are also covered. Different ventilator settings (modes) in various types of ventilators are presented, as well as CPAP, BiPAP, and High-Flow Nasal Cannula (Optiflow). Weaning from the ventilator and lung recruitment are described here.

Here, circulatory failure and heart failure are described, along with monitoring and treatment using inotropic and blood pressure-raising agents. Commonly used drugs, their effects, and appropriate dosing are briefly described here.

Here, the most important aspects of general intensive care are described, including ventilator treatment, heart failure management, inotropic and vasoactive drugs, infection treatment, sepsis, respiratory care, sedation of ICU patients, acute liver failure, pulmonary embolism protocol, and more.

Here, the principles of modern neuro-intensive care are described, with summarized sections on the treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage and traumatic brain injury. Disorders of salt and fluid balance in brain edema and brain injury are also covered, as well as various types of treatment, including pentobarbital sedation.

Here, severe and life-threatening infections such as sepsis and septic shock are described, including diagnosis and appropriate treatment. The selection of relevant antibiotic therapy for different types of infections, including choice of drugs and correct dosing, is covered. The sensitivity of bacteria to various antibiotics and the different mechanisms of action of antibiotics are also described.

Here, the progression of severe COVID-19 coronavirus infection and current treatment are described. The principles of ventilator treatment for COVID-19 infection are also covered, along with links to updated statistics on the number of cases globally.

Here, the physical principles of dialysis and methods for dialysis in an intensive care unit are described. Various methods such as CRRT with CVVHDF, ultrafiltration, peritoneal dialysis, plasmapheresis, and MARS treatment are detailed. There is also an included compendium on dialysis treatment.

Here, the physicochemical changes behind acid-base imbalances are described. You will learn about changes in acid-base status and how to assess and treat these conditions. Concepts such as anion gap, osmolal gap, and SID are covered.

This chapter describes nutrition for ICU patients. You will find a list of available enteral and parenteral nutritional solutions, as well as information on ulcer prophylaxis, constipation prophylaxis, and a nutrition calculator.

Here, the principles and techniques of extracorporeal circulation (ECMO) in severe circulatory failure are described. Cannulation and treatment methods for both veno-venous and veno-arterial ECMO are detailed.

Here, a range of acute neurological conditions are described. Guidelines for the management of status epilepticus and sudden cardiac arrest are provided. Various scales for assessing alertness and consciousness, such as the RLS scale and the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), are also included.

Here, procedures for identifying a potential organ donor and navigating the donation process are described. A checklist for organ donation, along with a description of donor characteristics and the donation process, including breakpoint conversations and continued management, is provided. Both DBD and DCD are covered.

Here, you will find a brief description of all common medications specifically used in the ICU. This includes details on the physiological effects of the drugs and their usual dosing.

Here, the goals and methods for sedation of ICU patients are described. The commonly used drugs and their appropriate dosages are discussed. Various scales for assessing alertness and the degree of sedation are also presented.

Here, you will find essential calculators that simplify your work. This includes a Nutrition Calculator for calculating appropriate nutrition and a Pediatric Medication Calculator that quickly computes the correct doses of important medications for anesthetizing young children.

Various scales are used to determine and observe patients' levels of alertness and consciousness in intensive care. Below, MAAS levels and RASS levels are presented, among others.

Here, medical equipment and measurements for assessing central hemodynamics are described. This includes the pulmonary artery catheter (PA catheter), PiCCO, NICO, LIDCO, and others. Normal values are presented in easily readable tables.

This section describes the principles of triage in an emergency department according to RETTS. RETTS is a system that prioritizes patient care based on vital functions, focusing on the patient's medical risks and needs.

SBAR is a communication tool used for reporting situations in healthcare. It involves systematically reporting patients based on the Situation, Background, Assessment, and Recommendations for further management.

Here, you can search for the correct ICD code for registration in database registers.

This chapter describes nutrition for ICU patients with a focus on enteral nutrition. You will find a list of available enteral nutritional solutions, as well as information on ulcer prophylaxis, constipation prophylaxis, and a nutrition calculator.

This chapter describes nutrition for ICU patients with a focus on parenteral nutrition. You will find a list of available parenteral nutritional solutions, as well as information on ulcer prophylaxis, constipation prophylaxis, and a nutrition calculator.

This chapter describes nutrition for ICU patients. You will find a list of available enteral and parenteral nutritional solutions, as well as information on ulcer prophylaxis, constipation prophylaxis, and a nutrition calculator.

Here, the assessment and management of both acute and chronic pain are described. Suggestions are provided for conventional pain treatment as well as treatment with stronger medications and other invasive techniques, including nerve blocks and adjuvant therapy.

Light, medium, and heavy analgesics suitable for postoperative and ICU patients are presented here, including opioids and medium-strength analgesics.

In this chapter, the various aspects of pediatric anesthesia are thoroughly described. Here, you will find normal physiological values as well as the correct tube sizes, appropriate medications, and correct dosages for children of different ages and weights. Practical steps for performing pediatric anesthesia with modern techniques and good safety are described here.

Here, you will find medications for pediatric anesthesia and pediatric intensive care. There is a medication calculator to quickly find the correct dosages of the drugs commonly used in pediatric anesthesia. Dosages for parenteral medications for children, such as antibiotics and analgesics, are also provided.

There are a large number of poisonous plants that grow wild. However, ingestion or contact rarely causes serious illness, but a few have the potential to do so. Here, some of the most common poisonous plants and the symptoms they can cause are described. Poisoning often occurs when children eat an unknown plant by mistake or out of curiosity. Toxic reactions (skin rashes - dermatitis) can also occur after direct contact with skin-irritating substances or phototoxic substances that increase photosensitivity when exposed to sunlight.

Poisoning from exposure to irritating gases most often occurs after fires but can also occur following chemical accidents. Smoke from fires can contain up to 60 different chemical substances that can irritate the airways and bronchi, but primarily, it is black soot that irritates the airways in connection with fires. In addition to harmful smoke during fires, the airways can be damaged by extreme heat, hot steam, toxic gases, and hypoxia.

Acute alcohol intoxication is the most common of all poisonings, with thousands of cases occurring every month. Ordinary alcohol intoxication gradually progresses into alcohol poisoning without a specific threshold. About 5% of all adult men and 2% of women are alcohol-dependent.

In Sweden, venomous snake bites are primarily from the European adder (Vipera berus), the only naturally occurring venomous species in the country. Snake bites most commonly occur along the coasts, especially during the summer. Approximately 70 patients per year are hospitalized in Sweden for treatment following a snake bite. Adult adders grow to about 60 cm in length, are gray or light brown with a characteristic black zigzag pattern on their backs, but the snake can also be entirely black or gray.

In the Nordic countries, approximately 10,000 different fungi grow in nature, of which only about a hundred are edible. Fungi grow not only in the soil but also on stumps and trees, on plants and other biological organisms, and many other places. The total number of species on Earth is estimated to be over a million. Fungi consist of root threads, a mycelium, and a fruiting body. It is usually the fruiting body that we refer to as a mushroom and is the part that is eaten.

Symptoms from bites and stings occur primarily in the summer when people in nature come into contact with insects, bees, ticks, jellyfish, etc. Here, the symptoms and treatment after stings and bites from mosquitoes, midges, bees, ticks, horseflies, spiders, and more are described.

Here, the acute management of a patient with acute poisoning is described, along with descriptions of some of the most common poisonings. The procedure for gastric lavage and the principles of administering activated charcoal are covered. Alcohol intoxication, benzodiazepine intoxication, and intoxication with antidepressant medications are also discussed.

Here, a range of different drugs and narcotics are described. Their effects in cases of acute overdose as well as long-term effects of abuse are discussed. This includes descriptions of cannabis, amphetamines, cocaine, heroin, ecstasy, new psychoactive substances (NPS), and synthetic cannabinoids.

Here, poisoning and exposure to a range of marine species such as jellyfish, corals, and venomous fish are described. Most venomous fish are found in southern countries, but along the western coast, the common scorpionfish can cause painful stings.

The premedication follows fixed routines in the nursing department/operating ward and is usually given according to a predetermined schedule taking into account age and weight. There are a variety of drugs that are used in the premedication, but the main principle is that these should be painrelieving and anxiolytic.

This chapter describes the essential elements of the preoperative assessment of a patient before anesthesia as well as guidelines for preoperative fasting. Preoperative assessment, guidelines for intake of solid food, medications that should also be given on the day of surgery and choice of anesthetic methods (anesthesia plan) for various surgical interventions are presented here.

In this chapter there are suggestions for recommended wake-up times after surgery in a postoperative ward as well as criteria for discharge. NEWS and a key for diagnosis registration are included.

Blockade of individual nerves to the scalp, as opposed to infiltration in the incision line. Described originally in 1986 as “scalp block” for use in awake craniotomy

Here, the techniques and indications for epidural anesthesia are described. Suitable drugs and combinations of drugs for surgical anesthesia and analgesia for pain relief via epidural anesthesia are also covered. Considerations for epidural anesthesia in relation to the use of anticoagulants are discussed. Complications of epidural anesthesia and management of post-dural puncture headache, as well as Knudsen's test for identifying cerebrospinal fluid leakage, are also included.

Here, the techniques and indications for spinal anesthesia are described. Suitable drugs and combinations of drugs for surgical anesthesia via spinal anesthesia are also covered, with a quick reference guide detailing drug choices and appropriate dosages for different procedures. Considerations for spinal anesthesia in relation to the use of anticoagulants are discussed. Complications of spinal anesthesia and the management of post-dural puncture headache, as well as Knudsen's test for identifying cerebrospinal fluid leakage, are also included.

Here, a range of nerve blocks with local anesthetics for surgical anesthesia are described. Techniques using ultrasound, videos and images of anatomical landmarks and underlying structures are included. Appropriate choices of local anesthetics with suggested dosages are also discussed.

Here, local anesthetics and the various products available on the Swedish market are described. Indications and appropriate dosages can be found in tables. Toxic reactions and the management of acute toxicity are discussed. Maximum doses of local anesthetics for adults and maximum doses for children based on body weight for different products are also detailed.

This section describes the recommended discontinuation times for various anticoagulants before surgery and spinal anesthesia. It outlines appropriate discontinuation times for both the insertion and removal of spinal catheters.

Acute management of trauma cases is characterized by a quick and well-structured securing of the patient’s vital parameters in a team effort. The work is led by a team leader in collaboration with other staff from the emergency department, ortopedic surgeon and anesthesia personnel.

Cooling in an environment with low ambient temperature and/or prolonged exposure where we cannot protect ourselves or produce enough heat to maintain a core temperature of 37°C leads to hypothermia. The medical definition of accidental hypothermia is a body temperature of 35°C or lower.

Here, ultrasound of the heart—echocardiography—is described. The chapter covers, both in words and illustrations, the various views used with ultrasound to obtain a clear image of the heart's pumping function. It also includes the integrated examination FATE (Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma).

Here, an overview of performing ultrasound on acute patients is described, including examination of the thorax and abdomen. The expanded examination for acute trauma cases, known as eFAST, is also covered.

Here, ultrasound of the lungs and thorax is described, including descriptions of pleural sliding, A-lines, B-lines, and pleural effusion.

An arterial catheter is inserted to monitor continuous invasive blood pressure and to obtain frequent blood samples. It allows for repeated measurement of blood gases and arterial acid-base status. Typically, arterial catheters are used in critically ill patients, those with unstable hemodynamics, and patients with respiratory difficulties requiring ongoing blood gas monitoring.

Peripheral venous catheters (PVCs) are fundamental for vascular access, providing a means to administer fluids and medications rapidly and safely. Typically, PVCs are placed in a superficial subcutaneous vein on the dorsum of the hand or in the antecubital fossa. They are also used for blood transfusions and continuous infusion of vasoactive drugs, nutritional solutions, and intravenous anesthetics. PVCs are commonly referred to as "Venflon."

A midline catheter is inserted under ultrasound guidance and percutaneously through a vein in the upper arm, typically the basilic vein. These catheters are intended for both short- and medium-term use, 1-3 weeks.

This chapter describes the insertion and management of central venous catheters (CVCs), which form the basis for vascular access in critically ill patients. CVCs are also used for parenteral nutrition and venous access. Various methods for vascular access are briefly outlined.