Traumatic Bleeding Surgical bleeding typically occurs after traumatic injuries or in connection with surgery and can be classified as minimal, small, moderate, large, very large, or massive bleeding. Blood volume in ml is usually calculated as 70 times the body weight in kg. A person weighing 50 kg has an…

Perioperative Fluid Therapy Fluid therapy in anesthesia and intensive care is commonly divided into preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative fluid administration, collectively termed perioperative fluid therapy. In intensive care, fluid therapy is also administered to non-surgical patients. The goal of fluid therapy is to maintain or restore a normal fluid balance…

Nutrition Trauma and serious illness place extraordinary stress on the body, creating an absolute need for adequate nutrient intake to prevent the body from breaking down and the illness from being prolonged or worsened. Nutrition in anesthesia and intensive care is a basic part of treatment that can be categorized…

Nutrition for Intensive Care Patients Trauma and severe illness place extraordinary demands on the body, requiring adequate nutrient intake to prevent the body from breaking down and to avoid prolonging or worsening the illness. Nutrition within anesthesia and intensive care is a basic part of treatment and can be categorized…

Donation Investigation When a person dies in such a way that organ donation is possible, the healthcare system is obliged to investigate the will for donation (SOSFS 2009:30, SFS 1995:831 Transplantation Law). The Transplantation Law is based on "Presumed Consent," meaning that if the patient has not expressed opposition to…

Physical-Chemical Interpretation of the Acid-Base System The Canadian scientist Peter Stewart published his book "How to Understand Acid-Base Physiology" in 1981. In it, he presented an integrated model of how electrolytes, water balance, carbon dioxide, and proteins work together to determine acid-base balance. Over the next 20 years, a large…

About Nutrition Trauma and severe illness cause extreme stress on the body, generating an absolute need for adequate nutrient supply to prevent the body from deteriorating, and to avoid prolonging or worsening the disease. Nutrition in anesthesia and intensive care is a fundamental part of treatment, categorized as enteral (via…

Respiratory Failure and Ventilator Treatment in Severe Covid-19 Infection Disease Course in Covid-19 Infection Patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) can become critically ill with acute respiratory distress that typically begins approximately one week after the onset of symptoms. Determining when a patient with severe Covid-19 should undergo endotracheal…

Life-threatening Infections Sepsis and other severe infections mean that a serious infection affects the entire body, causing damage to vital organs such as the heart, lungs, brain, and kidneys, which may stop functioning properly. Sometimes, even a mild infection can quickly develop into a critical condition that leads to multi-organ…

ECMO - General Principles Patients whose respiration is so severely impaired that optimal ventilator support cannot maintain adequate oxygenation or carbon dioxide removal can be treated with venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO). On the other hand, venoarterial ECMO (VA-ECMO) helps patients whose circulation is incompatible with continued life despite maximal…