Epidural Anesthesia (EA) - Technique Epidural anesthesia, also known as EA, EPi, spinal anesthesia, or epidural, is a form of regional anesthesia involving the injection of a local anesthetic into the epidural space. The anesthetic is typically injected through a catheter inserted via a slightly thicker needle, which is about…
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Preoperative assessment During the preoperative assessment, the patient's health is evaluated and the type of anesthesia for the surgery is determined. The patient is informed about the perioperative process during the preoperative conversation. The appropriate premedication and which regular medications should be taken on the day of surgery are prescribed.…
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Postoperative Care and Treatment Postoperative care includes recovery from anesthesia during supervised awakening with good pain management, proper nursing, and monitoring of vital signs. The airway is controlled and secured, oxygen is given liberally. Initially, a standardized report is obtained from the anesthesia staff, either doctor or nurse. Monitoring equipment…
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Nutrition Trauma and serious illness place extraordinary stress on the body, creating an absolute need for adequate nutrient intake to prevent the body from breaking down and the illness from being prolonged or worsened. Nutrition in anesthesia and intensive care is a basic part of treatment that can be categorized…
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Nutrition Trauma and severe illness cause extreme stress on the body, generating an absolute need for adequate nutrient supply to prevent the body from deteriorating, and to avoid prolonging or worsening the disease. Nutrition in anesthesia and intensive care is a fundamental part of treatment, categorized as enteral (via the…
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Nutrition for Intensive Care Patients Trauma and severe illness place extraordinary demands on the body, requiring adequate nutrient intake to prevent the body from breaking down and to avoid prolonging or worsening the illness. Nutrition within anesthesia and intensive care is a basic part of treatment and can be categorized…
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Ultrasound of the Lungs and Thorax Ultrasound has long been used to diagnose pleural effusion, but in intensive care, in the hands of anesthesiologists, it is a relatively new, clinically useful, and easily accessible tool for examining diseases and injuries in both the lungs and thorax. Ultrasound of the lungs…
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Basic Principles of Echocardiography In two-dimensional echocardiography (UCG), ultrasound waves are successively sent out in different directions from the examination probe (transmitter/probe). The ultrasound machine can calculate the depth of reflection by tracking how long the sound waves have been out in the body. The reflection points from each ultrasound…
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Extended Ultrasound Examination of Trauma Cases (eFAST) eFAST is an ultrasound examination of the abdomen and thorax (extended) that is useful in guiding the treatment of trauma patients when CT scans have not yet been performed (e.g., prehospital or in the emergency room) or are deemed inappropriate, such as in…
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Triage Most triage or decision support systems include some form of primary sorting of patients with varying needs for emergency care. The division is based on different scales indicating the estimated/assessed current medical risk of waiting for a medical evaluation by a doctor or medical intervention. The RETTS decision support…
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