Coagulation Administering thrombolysis and preventing thromboembolisms is common in conditions such as acute coronary syndromes, stroke, and other thromboembolic diseases. Hemostatic drugs (procoagulant medications) are primarily used in trauma and surgeries with significant bleeding but can also be used in obstetric bleeding, pathological bleeding due to coagulation disorders, or in…
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Traumatic and perioperative bleeding Surgical bleeding typically occurs after traumatic injuries or in connection with surgery and can be classified as minimal, small, moderate, large, very large, or massive bleeding. Blood volume in ml is usually calculated as 70 times the body weight in kg. A person weighing 50 kg…
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Production of Blood Components Whole blood collected in CPD anticoagulant is processed by either the B1 or B2 method (Figure 1 below). In the B1 method, whole blood is centrifuged to separate the red blood cells from the platelets and plasma. The red blood cells are then leukoreduced (LR) by…
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Cardiothoracic Anesthesia Coronary bypass (CABG) performed in the hospital's operating room for treating heart diseases caused by ischemic coronary artery disease Cardiac Chambers and Valves Aortic Valve Pressure: 120/70 mmHg Valve area: 2.5–3.5 cm² Mitral Valve Valve area: 4–6 cm² Pulmonic Valve Pressure: 25/10 mmHg Valve area: 2 cm² Right…
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Circulatory Failure and Blood Pressure Raising Treatment Inotropic treatment refers to intravenous vasopressor treatment with potent short-acting vasoactive drugs. The commonly used drugs are synthetic fast-acting catecholamines. These medications are administered intravenously, either intermittently or continuously, via a central venous catheter (CVC) or a peripheral venous cannula (PVC). The treatment…
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Pain and Pain Management Assessing, investigating, and treating our patients' experience of pain is a fundamental part of all anesthesiological work. Expected pain should always be evaluated in the perioperative workup before surgical procedures, and in many cases, pain is the central medical issue both before and after surgery. Patients…
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Spinal Anesthesia (LSA) - Technique, Medications, and Needles Spinal anesthesia, also known as subarachnoid block, intradural block, and LSA, is a form of regional anesthesia with the injection of local anesthesia into the subarachnoid space through a fine needle, usually 9 cm long. The anesthesia is used for anesthesia in…
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Adductor Canal Block/Subsartorius Block Indication: Blockade of the saphenus nerve - nervus saphenus . Surgery involving saphenous vein stripping. Adjuvant in medial foot/ankle surgery combined with sciatic nerve block and analgesia for knee surgery combined with other pain relief. Provides anesthesia on the medial side of the leg. https://youtu.be/MfdaL95f7mc Technique:…
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Local Anesthetics Local anesthetics are used to anaesthetize areas of the body to perform surgical procedures, painful examinations, or simply to provide pain relief. Local anesthetics are pharmacologically divided into two groups; amino esters and amino amides. Esters generally have higher toxicity than amino amides, and most of the preparations…
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Epidural Anesthesia (EA) - Technique Epidural anesthesia, also known as EA, EPi, spinal anesthesia, or epidural, is a form of regional anesthesia involving the injection of a local anesthetic into the epidural space. The anesthetic is typically injected through a catheter inserted via a slightly thicker needle, which is about…
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