Medicines for Total Intravenous Anesthesia Below is a brief summary of common medicines for intravenous anesthesia. The medicines are then presented again in detailed format. Propofol (Diprivan®, Propolipid®, Recofol®, Propofol) Propofol is a hypnotic used both as an induction agent and maintenance agent for intravenous anesthesia. As described above, there…

Standard Anesthesia Protocol Below is a chronological dosing guide for a conventional anesthesia with manual induction. Individual considerations must be taken regarding the patient's condition and age, as well as the type and duration of the procedure. This guide can serve as a "base" for a typical intubation anesthesia for…

Inhalation Anesthesia – General Anesthesia The method of anesthetizing people with volatile anesthetics, general anesthesia, has a long tradition and several different anesthetic gases have been used over the years. Commonly, halogenated derivatives of ether (inhalation anesthetics) are used alone or in combination with nitrous oxide to put the patient…

Comparison of common IV induction agents Decision shortcuts (how clinicians often choose) 1) Hemodynamically fragile (shock, severe cardiomyopathy): Often: Etomidate (stability) Alternative: Ketamine if hypotensive/bronchospastic (but caution if catecholamine-depleted—may lose “pressor” effect) 2) Reactive airways / severe bronchospasm: Ketamine (bronchodilation, analgesia) Propofol also bronchodilates but may cause hypotension/apnea 3) Neuro…

Balanced Anesthesia Induction of general anesthesia starts with preoxygenation through mask breathing General anesthesia, or more simply "anesthesia," consists of a state of induced, reversible, and controlled unconsciousness ("hypnosis") and painlessness ("anesthesia") often referred to as "balanced anesthesia." This state is controlled and adjusted by anesthesia personnel using various anesthetic…

Postoperative Nausea - PONV Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) has long been a significant problem in anesthesia and intensive care. In fact, this issue is what most concerns many patients before their upcoming anesthesia. During the preoperative conversation, it is often the fear of postoperative nausea that the patient first…

Depth of Anesthesia Monitoring Using EEG Introduction Safe anesthesia requires a careful balance between adequate unconsciousness, amnesia, analgesia, muscle atonia, and preserved physiological stability. Traditionally, anesthetic depth has been assessed indirectly through clinical signs and drug concentrations. Over the past decades, however, electroencephalography (EEG) and processed EEG indices have been…